Vihar Lake: Mumbai’s Hidden Reservoir of Nature and History

Nestled within the lush expanse of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in North Mumbai, Vihar Lake stands as a serene retreat from the bustling city life. More than just a water body, it is a confluence of history, ecology, and understated tourism. For weekenders, nature lovers, and photographers, Vihar Lake offers a tranquil escape and a glimpse into Mumbai’s colonial past and its evolving relationship with water conservation.

Location and Surroundings

Vihar Lake is located near Vihar village, resting on the Mithi River within the protected grounds of Borivali National Park, now known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. This strategic location places the lake amidst dense forests, rich biodiversity, and scenic landscapes. It is flanked by Tulsi Lake to the north and Powai Lake to the south, forming a trio of reservoirs that play a vital role in Mumbai’s water supply system.

The lake’s proximity to the city just 31 km from central Mumbai makes it accessible yet secluded enough to preserve its natural charm. Visitors can reach it via suburban trains to Kurla or Andheri, followed by a short road journey.

Historical Significance

The Origins of Vihar Lake date back to the mid-19th century, during British colonial rule. In 1845, Mumbai faced a severe water crisis due to the drying up of wells during summer. This led to public protests and the formation of a two-man committee by the British government to address the issue. After extensive surveys, the committee identified the Mithi River catchment as an ideal site for constructing reservoirs.

Construction of Vihar Lake began in January 1856 and was completed in 1860, under the governorship of John Lord Elphinstone. It became the first piped water supply scheme for Mumbai, marking a milestone in urban infrastructure. Captain Crawford’s report in 1850 had strongly recommended the Vihar Scheme, which eventually led to the development of Vihar, Tulsi, and Powai Lakes.

At the time of its completion, Vihar Lake was the largest lake in Mumbai, part of the Salsette group of islands. Its creation not only addressed the city’s water needs but also laid the foundation for future urban planning and ecological conservation.

Utility and Water Supply

Today, Vihar Lake contributes approximately 3% of Mumbai’s daily water requirement. Although modest in volume compared to other reservoirs, its role is crucial, especially during the monsoon season when it fills to capacity. The water from Vihar Lake is filtered at the Bhandup Water Filtration Plant, One of The Largest in Asia, before being distributed to South Mumbai.

The lake has a maximum storage capacity of 2,769.8 crore litres, and during heavy rainfall, it often overflows, signaling a healthy monsoon and adequate water reserves for the city2. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) manages the lake and has acquired surrounding agricultural land to maintain sanitary conditions and protect the catchment area.

Ecological Importance

Vihar Lake is more than a reservoir it’s a thriving ecosystem. The surrounding forest is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including Khair trees, migratory birds, and even freshwater crocodiles. The lake’s biodiversity makes it a hotspot for birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts.

During the monsoon, the lake transforms into a lush paradise, attracting photographers and nature lovers. However, due to strong currents and the presence of crocodiles, venturing into the water is strictly prohibited. A Crocodile Park nearby offers a safe way to observe these fascinating reptiles.

Restricted Access and Safety

Since March 13, 1993, public access to Vihar Lake has been restricted due to security concerns following the Mumbai bomb blasts on March 12 of that year. Given its location within a national park and its importance as a water source, the lake is protected from mass tourism. Entry is allowed only with prior permission from the Sanjay Gandhi National Park authorities.

Despite these restrictions, Vihar Lake continues to feature in Bollywood films, often captured in sweeping aerial shots from Mumbai Film City. Its cinematic presence keeps it alive in public imagination, even if physical access is limited.

Travel Tips and Best Time to Visit

• Best Time: Monsoon months (July to September) offer the most picturesque views.
• Travel Mode: Reach Kurla or Andheri by train, then take a cab or bus to the park.
• Permissions: Obtain entry clearance from the park office before visiting.
• Safety: Avoid venturing into the lake due to strong currents and crocodiles.
• Photography: Carry a camera to capture the stunning landscapes and wildlife.

Vihar Lake in the Larger Context

Vihar Lake is part of a network of Seven Lakes that supply water to Mumbai, including Bhatsa, Upper Vaitarna, Middle Vaitarna, Tansa, Modak Sagar, Tulsi, and Vihar itself. Together, they ensure a steady water supply to over 20 million residents. The lake’s overflow during monsoon is a reassuring sign of water security4.

In recent years, climate variability has made the lake’s behavior unpredictable. While it overflowed in July 2024, it did so later in 2025, reflecting changing rainfall patterns. The BMC continues to monitor these reservoirs closely to manage urban water needs effectively.

Conclusion

Vihar Lake is a testament to Mumbai’s resilience and foresight. Born out of necessity, it has evolved into a symbol of ecological harmony and historical legacy. Though its waters are off-limits to the public, its presence within the Sanjay Gandhi National Park ensures that it remains a protected gem quietly sustaining life, inspiring art, and reminding us of the delicate balance between nature and urban development.

Whether you’re a history buff, a nature enthusiast, or simply seeking a moment of peace, Vihar Lake offers a story worth discovering one ripple at a time.