Bhat Caste: Custodians of Poetry and Genealogy in Northern India

Introduction

The Bhat caste is among the oldest communities in northern India, traditionally recognized as bards and genealogists. Their role in society has long been tied to oral traditions, poetry, and the preservation of family lineages. Bhats are especially celebrated for their ability to compose and recite poetry during marriage ceremonies and festive occasions, keeping alive the cultural vibrancy of communities. The caste is divided into two sub-groups: The Rai Bhat and the Brahm Bhat. The name “Bhat” is derived from the Sanskrit word Bhatta, meaning “lord,” signifying their respected position in cultural and social life. References to Bhats appear in the Mahabharata, which describes bards marching ahead of Yudhishthira as he journeyed from Kurukshetra to Hastinapur, underscoring the ancient and illustrious history of their profession.

Origins and Sub-Groups

The origins of the Bhats have been discussed by several scholars. The Birm or Baram Bhats are considered an offshoot of Brahmins, with their name believed to be a corruption of the word “Brahmin.” This reflects the mixed character of the caste. Another significant section of Bhats, known as Charans, are thought to have descended from Rajputs.

A fascinating legend connects the Bhats and Charans to Lord Shiva. According to the tale, Shiva first created Bhats to attend his lion and bull, preventing the lion from killing the bull. When this attempt failed, Shiva created the Charans, equally religious, and entrusted them with the responsibility. From that time onward, it is said, no bull was ever killed by a lion. This legend symbolically portrays the Bhats as peaceful Brahmins and the Charans as Rajputs, emphasizing their complementary roles in society.

Customs and Practices

The customs of the Bhats are similar to those of other castes of equivalent status. Among the higher castes, widow remarriage is forbidden, and the Brahman Bhats abstain from flesh and liquor, maintaining strict religious discipline. The Brahman Bhats form a distinct sub-caste, while Rajputs are sometimes referred to as Rajbhat.

Beyond these groups, the caste also includes a large body of mixed origin. These are commonly known as Brid-dhari or begging Bhats, who sustain themselves through alms. Other classes include:

• Bairagi Bhats, who beg from Bairagis (ascetics).
• Dasaundhis or Jasondhis, who sing devotional songs, play instruments in admiration of the goddess Devi, and also practice astrology.

Despite these divisions, the Bhats as a whole continue to be valued for their talents in poetry, oral traditions, and genealogical record-keeping.

Social Influence

The Bhats have historically exercised significant influence over society, particularly in Rajpootana (Rajasthan). Their skills in recitation, storytelling, and genealogy made them indispensable to rulers and chiefs. According to historian Malcolm, the Bhats ranked as the genealogists of “proud and ignorant chiefs,” underscoring their role in preserving dynastic histories and legitimizing authority through lineage records. Their influence extended beyond entertainment, shaping the cultural and political narratives of their time.

Conclusion

The Bhat caste embodies a rich blend of tradition, art, and social function. As bards, genealogists, and poets, they have played a crucial role in preserving cultural memory and enriching social ceremonies. Their sub-groups, legends, and customs reveal a community deeply rooted in both Brahminical and Rajput traditions, while their influence in regions like Rajpootana highlights their historical importance. Even today, the Bhats remain respected for their poetic skills and genealogical knowledge, continuing a legacy that connects modern society with its Ancient Cultural Heritage.