Performance of Dasi Attam: A Sacred Journey of Movement

Dasi Attam, the ancient dance form of the Dravidians of South India, is one of the earliest spiritual and artistic expressions of the region. Rooted in devotion, it was performed by devadasis in temples during the pre-Aryan era. Over time, this sacred dance evolved into what is now known as Bharatnatyam, but its original structure and phases still reflect the divine essence of the art. The Performance of Dasi Attam is a carefully choreographed journey, comprising multiple stages such as Allarippu, Jatiswaram, Shabdam, Varnam, Charnam, Tillana, and the recitation of Shlokas. Each stage carries its own significance, blending rhythm, expression, and spirituality.

Allarippu: The Invocation

The performance begins with Allarippu, an introductory sequence symbolizing purification and offering. The dancer starts with a Namaskara, palms joined above the head, feet together, and body slightly bent forward, as a salutation to the divine. Movements of the neck, eyes, shoulders, and hands follow in rhythmic harmony, accompanied by vocal syllables known as Sollukuttus. This stage, often referred to as Rechakas, sets the tone of devotion and joy. The dancer’s smile and graceful postures embody ecstasy, while variations of folded knees and raised feet highlight the discipline of the form.

Jatiswaram: The Rhythm of Dance

The next phase, Jatiswaram, emphasizes pure dance without narrative. It is performed in synchronization with the beats of the drummer and vocal swaras. The dancer taps her feet to prepare for the rhythm, and the performance unfolds as a spirited dialogue between dancer and drummer. Unlike rehearsed sequences, Jatiswaram thrives on spontaneity, requiring precise calculations and swift movements to match the beats. This stage showcases the dancer’s technical mastery and ability to merge rhythm with expression.

Shabdam: The Introduction of Literature

Shabdam marks the transition from pure rhythm to expressive storytelling. Beginning with a Tirmana, the dancer introduces Sahitya the literary content of the accompanying song. Through gestures and movements, the dancer conveys the meaning of the lyrics, blending narrative with rhythm. Shabdam serves as a prelude to the deeper emotional expressions that follow in later stages.

Varnam: The Heart of the Performance

The Varnam is the centerpiece of Dasi Attam, often lasting up to an hour. It combines technical brilliance with emotional depth, allowing the dancer to display her expertise in Nritya. Themes of romance, devotion, and longing dominate this stage. Songs may depict spiritual love for deities or human emotions, such as a maiden yearning for her lover or a mother’s concern for her daughter. The Varnam begins with a Tirmana and unfolds into elaborate dance pieces, blending lyrical beauty with expressive storytelling.

Charnam: The Climax of Expression

The Charnam represents the climax, focusing on Padams slow, lyrical compositions rich in emotion. Through Abhinaya (expressive gestures and facial expressions), the dancer portrays themes of romantic love, often symbolizing the soul’s desire to unite with the divine. Each word of the lyric is carefully enacted, sometimes depicting gods like Krishna, or even members of the audience. While Padams were once criticized for their flirtatious undertones, they remain the most significant part of the performance, showcasing the dancer’s ability to embody characters and emotions.

Tillana and Shlokas: The Finale

Following Charnam, the Tillana brings joy and exuberance. It is a dance of happiness, performed with lively footwork, graceful hand movements, and radiant facial expressions. The final stage is the recitation of Shlokas, delivered melodically without musical accompaniment. Through Abhinaya, the dancer conveys the spiritual meaning of the verses, ending the performance on a serene and contemplative note.

Conclusion

The performance of Dasi Attam is A Holistic Blend of Rhythm, narrative, and devotion. Each stage from the invocation of Allarippu to the serenity of Shlokas demands immense skill, discipline, and emotional depth. More than entertainment, it is a spiritual journey, where the dancer becomes a medium between the divine and the audience. Though transformed into Bharatnatyam today, the essence of Dasi Attam continues to inspire reverence, artistry, and cultural pride.